Каков рекомендуемый способ отправки писем с помощью gmail и python?
Существует много потоков SO, но большинство из них старые, а также smtp с именем пользователя и паролем больше не работает или пользователь должен понизить безопасность своих gmail (например, см. здесь).
Рекомендуемый способ OAuth?
Ответ показывает, как отправлять электронную почту с помощью API Gmail и Python. Также обновлен ответ на отправку писем с вложениями.
Gmail API & OAuth → нет необходимости сохранять имя пользователя и пароль в скрипте.
При первом запуске сценарий открывает браузер для авторизации сценария и сохраняет учетные данные локально (в нем не сохраняются имя пользователя и пароль). Для последующих запусков браузер не понадобится, и вы сможете отправлять электронные письма прямо.
Используя этот метод, вы не будете получать такие ошибки, как SMTPException, и нет необходимости разрешать доступ для менее безопасных приложений:
raise SMTPException("SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.")
smtplib.SMTPException: SMTP AUTH extension not supported by server.
Ниже приведены инструкции по отправке электронной почты с помощью API Gmail.
(Ссылка мастера здесь, дополнительная информация здесь)
Шаг 2. Установите клиентскую библиотеку Google
pip install --upgrade google-api-python-client
Шаг 3: Используйте следующий скрипт для отправки электронной почты (просто измените переменные в основной функции)
import httplib2
import os
import oauth2client
from oauth2client import client, tools, file
import base64
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from apiclient import errors, discovery
import mimetypes
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send'
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_secret.json'
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email'
def get_credentials():
home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials')
if not os.path.exists(credential_dir):
os.makedirs(credential_dir)
credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir,
'gmail-python-email-send.json')
store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path)
credentials = store.get()
if not credentials or credentials.invalid:
flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES)
flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME
credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store)
print('Storing credentials to ' + credential_path)
return credentials
def SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile=None):
credentials = get_credentials()
http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http)
if attachmentFile:
message1 = createMessageWithAttachment(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile)
else:
message1 = CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
result = SendMessageInternal(service, "me", message1)
return result
def SendMessageInternal(service, user_id, message):
try:
message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute())
print('Message Id: %s' % message['id'])
return message
except errors.HttpError as error:
print('An error occurred: %s' % error)
return "Error"
return "OK"
def CreateMessageHtml(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain):
msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msg['Subject'] = subject
msg['From'] = sender
msg['To'] = to
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_string())}
def createMessageWithAttachment(
sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, attachmentFile):
"""Create a message for an email.
Args:
sender: Email address of the sender.
to: Email address of the receiver.
subject: The subject of the email message.
msgHtml: Html message to be sent
msgPlain: Alternative plain text message for older email clients
attachmentFile: The path to the file to be attached.
Returns:
An object containing a base64url encoded email object.
"""
message = MIMEMultipart('mixed')
message['to'] = to
message['from'] = sender
message['subject'] = subject
messageA = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
messageR = MIMEMultipart('related')
messageR.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
messageA.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
messageA.attach(messageR)
message.attach(messageA)
print("create_message_with_attachment: file: %s" % attachmentFile)
content_type, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attachmentFile)
if content_type is None or encoding is not None:
content_type = 'application/octet-stream'
main_type, sub_type = content_type.split('/', 1)
if main_type == 'text':
fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
msg = MIMEText(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
fp.close()
elif main_type == 'image':
fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
msg = MIMEImage(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
fp.close()
elif main_type == 'audio':
fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
msg = MIMEAudio(fp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
fp.close()
else:
fp = open(attachmentFile, 'rb')
msg = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type)
msg.set_payload(fp.read())
fp.close()
filename = os.path.basename(attachmentFile)
msg.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename)
message.attach(msg)
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}
def main():
to = "[email protected]"
sender = "[email protected]"
subject = "subject"
msgHtml = "Hi<br/>Html Email"
msgPlain = "Hi\nPlain Email"
SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
# Send message with attachment:
SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain, '/path/to/file.pdf')
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Совет по запуску этого кода в Linux без браузера:
Еслив вашей среде Linux нет браузера для завершения процесса первой авторизации, вы можете один раз запустить код на своем ноутбуке (Mac или Windows), а затем скопировать учетные данные на целевой компьютер Linux. Учетные данные обычно хранятся в следующем месте назначения:
~/.credentials/gmail-python-email-send.json
Я изменил это следующим образом, чтобы работать с Python3, вдохновленный API Python Gmail, а не JSON serializable.
import httplib2
import os
import oauth2client
from oauth2client import client, tools
import base64
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from apiclient import errors, discovery
SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send'
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_secret.json'
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email'
def get_credentials():
home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~')
credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials')
if not os.path.exists(credential_dir):
os.makedirs(credential_dir)
credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 'gmail-python-email-send.json')
store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path)
credentials = store.get()
if not credentials or credentials.invalid:
flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES)
flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME
credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store)
print('Storing credentials to ' + credential_path)
return credentials
def SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain):
credentials = get_credentials()
http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http)
message1 = CreateMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
SendMessageInternal(service, "me", message1)
def SendMessageInternal(service, user_id, message):
try:
message = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message).execute())
print('Message Id: %s' % message['id'])
return message
except errors.HttpError as error:
print('An error occurred: %s' % error)
def CreateMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain):
msg = MIMEMultipart('alternative')
msg['Subject'] = subject
msg['From'] = sender
msg['To'] = to
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgPlain, 'plain'))
msg.attach(MIMEText(msgHtml, 'html'))
raw = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_bytes())
raw = raw.decode()
body = {'raw': raw}
return body
def main():
to = "[email protected]"
sender = "[email protected]"
subject = "subject"
msgHtml = "Hi<br/>Html Email"
msgPlain = "Hi\nPlain Email"
SendMessage(sender, to, subject, msgHtml, msgPlain)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
Вот код Python 3.6 (и пояснения), необходимые для отправки электронного письма без (или с) вложения.
(Для отправки с вложением просто раскомментируйте 2 строки ниже ## without attachment и прокомментируйте 2 строки ниже ## with attachment)
Вся заслуга (и голосование) ападана
import httplib2
import os
import oauth2client
from oauth2client import client, tools
import base64
from email import encoders
#needed for attachment
import smtplib
import mimetypes
from email import encoders
from email.message import Message
from email.mime.audio import MIMEAudio
from email.mime.base import MIMEBase
from email.mime.image import MIMEImage
from email.mime.multipart import MIMEMultipart
from email.mime.text import MIMEText
from email.mime.application import MIMEApplication
#List of all mimetype per extension: http://help.dottoro.com/lapuadlp.php or http://mime.ritey.com/
from apiclient import errors, discovery #needed for gmail service
## About credentials
# There are 2 types of "credentials":
# the one created and downloaded from https://console.developers.google.com/apis/ (let call it the client_id)
# the one that will be created from the downloaded client_id (let call it credentials, it will be store in C:\Users\user\.credentials)
#Getting the CLIENT_ID
# 1) enable the api you need on https://console.developers.google.com/apis/
# 2) download the .json file (this is the CLIENT_ID)
# 3) save the CLIENT_ID in same folder as your script.py
# 4) update the CLIENT_SECRET_FILE (in the code below) with the CLIENT_ID filename
#Optional
# If you don't change the permission ("scope"):
#the CLIENT_ID could be deleted after creating the credential (after the first run)
# If you need to change the scope:
# you will need the CLIENT_ID each time to create a new credential that contains the new scope.
# Set a new credentials_path for the new credential (because it another file)
def get_credentials():
# If needed create folder for credential
home_dir = os.path.expanduser('~') #>> C:\Users\Me
credential_dir = os.path.join(home_dir, '.credentials') # >>C:\Users\Me\.credentials (it a folder)
if not os.path.exists(credential_dir):
os.makedirs(credential_dir) #create folder if doesnt exist
credential_path = os.path.join(credential_dir, 'cred send mail.json')
#Store the credential
store = oauth2client.file.Storage(credential_path)
credentials = store.get()
if not credentials or credentials.invalid:
CLIENT_SECRET_FILE = 'client_id to send Gmail.json'
APPLICATION_NAME = 'Gmail API Python Send Email'
#The scope URL for read/write access to a user calendar data
SCOPES = 'https://www.googleapis.com/auth/gmail.send'
# Create a flow object. (it assists with OAuth 2.0 steps to get user authorization + credentials)
flow = client.flow_from_clientsecrets(CLIENT_SECRET_FILE, SCOPES)
flow.user_agent = APPLICATION_NAME
credentials = tools.run_flow(flow, store)
return credentials
## Get creds, prepare message and send it
def create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file):
credentials = get_credentials()
# Create an httplib2.Http object to handle our HTTP requests, and authorize it using credentials.authorize()
http = httplib2.Http()
# http is the authorized httplib2.Http()
http = credentials.authorize(http) #or: http = credentials.authorize(httplib2.Http())
service = discovery.build('gmail', 'v1', http=http)
## without attachment
message_without_attachment = create_message_without_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain)
send_Message_without_attachment(service, "me", message_without_attachment, message_text_plain)
## with attachment
# message_with_attachment = create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file)
# send_Message_with_attachment(service, "me", message_with_attachment, message_text_plain,attached_file)
def create_message_without_attachment (sender, to, subject, message_text_html, message_text_plain):
#Create message container
message = MIMEMultipart('alternative') # needed for both plain & HTML (the MIME type is multipart/alternative)
message['Subject'] = subject
message['From'] = sender
message['To'] = to
#Create the body of the message (a plain-text and an HTML version)
message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain'))
message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html'))
raw_message_no_attachment = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_bytes())
raw_message_no_attachment = raw_message_no_attachment.decode()
body = {'raw': raw_message_no_attachment}
return body
def create_Message_with_attachment(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file):
"""Create a message for an email.
message_text: The text of the email message.
attached_file: The path to the file to be attached.
Returns:
An object containing a base64url encoded email object.
"""
##An email is composed of 3 part :
#part 1: create the message container using a dictionary { to, from, subject }
#part 2: attach the message_text with .attach() (could be plain and/or html)
#part 3(optional): an attachment added with .attach()
## Part 1
message = MIMEMultipart() #when alternative: no attach, but only plain_text
message['to'] = to
message['from'] = sender
message['subject'] = subject
## Part 2 (the message_text)
# The order count: the first (html) will be use for email, the second will be attached (unless you comment it)
message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_html, 'html'))
message.attach(MIMEText(message_text_plain, 'plain'))
## Part 3 (attachment)
# # to attach a text file you containing "test" you would do:
# # message.attach(MIMEText("test", 'plain'))
#-----About MimeTypes:
# It tells gmail which application it should use to read the attachment (it acts like an extension for windows).
# If you dont provide it, you just wont be able to read the attachment (eg. a text) within gmail. You'll have to download it to read it (windows will know how to read it with it extension).
#-----3.1 get MimeType of attachment
#option 1: if you want to attach the same file just specify its mime types
#option 2: if you want to attach any file use mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file)
my_mimetype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(attached_file)
# If the extension is not recognized it will return: (None, None)
# If it an .mp3, it will return: (audio/mp3, None) (None is for the encoding)
#for unrecognized extension it set my_mimetypes to 'application/octet-stream' (so it won't return None again).
if my_mimetype is None or encoding is not None:
my_mimetype = 'application/octet-stream'
main_type, sub_type = my_mimetype.split('/', 1)# split only at the first '/'
# if my_mimetype is audio/mp3: main_type=audio sub_type=mp3
#-----3.2 creating the attachment
#you don't really "attach" the file but you attach a variable that contains the "binary content" of the file you want to attach
#option 1: use MIMEBase for all my_mimetype (cf below) - this is the easiest one to understand
#option 2: use the specific MIME (ex for .mp3 = MIMEAudio) - it a shorcut version of MIMEBase
#this part is used to tell how the file should be read and stored (r, or rb, etc.)
if main_type == 'text':
print("text")
temp = open(attached_file, 'r') # 'rb' will send this error: 'bytes' object has no attribute 'encode'
attachment = MIMEText(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
temp.close()
elif main_type == 'image':
print("image")
temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
attachment = MIMEImage(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
temp.close()
elif main_type == 'audio':
print("audio")
temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
attachment = MIMEAudio(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
temp.close()
elif main_type == 'application' and sub_type == 'pdf':
temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
attachment = MIMEApplication(temp.read(), _subtype=sub_type)
temp.close()
else:
attachment = MIMEBase(main_type, sub_type)
temp = open(attached_file, 'rb')
attachment.set_payload(temp.read())
temp.close()
#-----3.3 encode the attachment, add a header and attach it to the message
# encoders.encode_base64(attachment) #not needed (cf. randomfigure comment)
#https://docs.python.org/3/library/email-examples.html
filename = os.path.basename(attached_file)
attachment.add_header('Content-Disposition', 'attachment', filename=filename) # name preview in email
message.attach(attachment)
## Part 4 encode the message (the message should be in bytes)
message_as_bytes = message.as_bytes() # the message should converted from string to bytes.
message_as_base64 = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message_as_bytes) #encode in base64 (printable letters coding)
raw = message_as_base64.decode() # need to JSON serializable (no idea what does it means)
return {'raw': raw}
def send_Message_without_attachment(service, user_id, body, message_text_plain):
try:
message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=body).execute())
message_id = message_sent['id']
# print(attached_file)
print (f'Message sent (without attachment) \n\n Message Id: {message_id}\n\n Message:\n\n {message_text_plain}')
# return body
except errors.HttpError as error:
print (f'An error occurred: {error}')
def send_Message_with_attachment(service, user_id, message_with_attachment, message_text_plain, attached_file):
"""Send an email message.
Args:
service: Authorized Gmail API service instance.
user_id: User email address. The special value "me" can be used to indicate the authenticated user.
message: Message to be sent.
Returns:
Sent Message.
"""
try:
message_sent = (service.users().messages().send(userId=user_id, body=message_with_attachment).execute())
message_id = message_sent['id']
# print(attached_file)
# return message_sent
except errors.HttpError as error:
print (f'An error occurred: {error}')
def main():
to = "[email protected]"
sender = "[email protected]"
subject = "subject test1"
message_text_html = r'Hi<br/>Html <b>hello</b>'
message_text_plain = "Hi\nPlain Email"
attached_file = r'C:\Users\Me\Desktop\audio.m4a'
create_message_and_send(sender, to, subject, message_text_plain, message_text_html, attached_file)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
спасибо, @Guillame, @apadana. Ответ @Guillaum отлично работал у меня в Win/Python3.7, но с одним изменением. Для всех трех операторов печати мне пришлось удалить "f", как и при изменении:
print (f'An error occurred: {error}')
к
print ('An error occurred: {error}')
Также посмотрите на первую часть ответа @apandana, чтобы получить файл client_secret.json. Это было более понятно для меня.
Для пользователей jupyter-notebook, следуя инструкциям @apadana, если вы получаете загадочные сообщения об ошибках, убедитесь, что вы скопировали код в его собственный файл python и запустили его, используя
%run [filename].py
(до сих пор не знаю, как я это понял)
когда вы закончите делать это, вы почти чисты.
внесите последнее изменение: Ошибка API Gmail из примера кода - требуется объект, похожий на байты, а не & # 39; str & # 39;
заменить
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string())}
с:
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string().encode()).decode()}
Теперь это должно работать ™.
Финальные заметки: помните, что есть два экземпляра штукатурного кодирования base64...
использовать
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(msg.as_string().encode()).decode()}
в методе CreateMessageHtml
и
return {'raw': base64.urlsafe_b64encode(message.as_string().encode()).decode()}
в методе createMessageWithAttachment
причина, по которой вам нужно это сделать, заключается в том, что в сообщении есть имя переменной "msg" в CreateMessageHtml, но имя "сообщение" в createMessageWithAttachment. Потому что причины. Вот почему.